Supplementary Lessons consists of ways to teach the grammatical features and advanced attributes of English. Grammatical features are learned as extensions of what students have learned about words*. Teachers present features with examples; students add the particular features in their sentence writing which provides them with practice and assessment of their grasp of patterns for teachers.
The lessons are presented in an order of instruction that is most likely, but that can be varied.
Most of the work focuses on word endings in English; there are two types: inflectional morphemes (also termed, inflected endings) and derivational morphemes.
Inflected endings are units of meaning that, when added to words, change their functions but not their meanings. For example, spells, spelled, and spelling are forms of the verb to spell. The inflected endings, –s, –ed, and –ing, are necessary for grammatical 'fit' within context, but, semantically, they are still forms of spell, meaning, to write the names of the letters of a word in the correct order.
Derivational morphemes, on the other hand, are units of meaning that, when added, result in semantic changes. For example, act, actual, actuality, etc.
Morphology supplementary lessons come from our work with students across grade levels, beginning as early as second grade. The leveled morphology lessons may be used together for advanced learners. A printout of the lessons enables monitoring and recording progress.
Morphological knowledge is necessary because the intrinsic economy of the English language derives from morphemes combining to make words worth whole phrases in less complex English. When combined with phonological insight this study is a foundation for advanced language learning.
*Once students have learned to read the expected-to-be-learned, first few hundred words, they will have been exposed to all phonetic features of English. They are then prepared to learn inflectional and derivational morphemes as extensions of the words they already know.
To Students: Today we will practice how we signal that we are talking or writing about more than one of something.
The words we are changing are called nouns because they name people, places, things, or ideas.
We call these words plurals and we almost always add the ending –s.
You have spelled words such as chip, note, knee, idea, party, bunny, and beach; we will spell their plurals….
If nouns form their plurals by a spelling change other than y changing to i before –es, they are called irregular, for example, man/man and foot/feet.
A few nouns have no plural, for example, tin, sand*, and honey.
A few nouns have the same spelling for singular and plural, for example, sheep.
When writing your sentences, please try to use some plurals; underline the plurals you use. We will share our work.
*To the teacher: there are other uses of words such as sand beyond its basic meaning for instance, the sands of time.
To the teacher: the purpose of this lesson to acquaint students with how the same word may signal different relationships based on how it is used rather than to teach the concept of "preposition" or how one can be identified.
To Students: Today we will examine some short words that are found in many sentences. Instead of being easy, they are tricky because the same word can change how other words fit together and make meaning for us. Equally weird, two different words can result in the same meaning. Here are examples to study. We will then choose a few to use in the sentences we write.
at five o'clock at last |
at the door |
at work or at play |
quarter of three |
north of Boston |
of the school |
quarter to three |
to my house |
|
on Tuesday |
on the chair |
on duty |
in the morning |
in the classroom |
|
into the snow fort |
||
for an hour |
for two miles |
for school |
out the door |
||
down the stairs |
||
about five minutes |
about the room |
about spelling |
by three o'clock |
by themselves |
by airplane |
from Monday to Friday |
from Boston |
from corn |
with a shovel |
To Students: Today we will study the patterns of action words (verbs). You have spelled the words hop, rub, and watch. This is how we signal when the action takes place:
I hop like a bunny. Ned hops... |
I am hopping like a bunny. Ned is hopping... |
I hopped like a bunny. Ned hopped... |
I will hop like a bunny. Ned will hop... |
I rub my legs. Jan rubs... |
I am rubbing my legs. Jan is rubbing... |
I rubbed my legs. Jan rubbed... |
I will rub my legs. Jan will rub... |
I watch the game. The dog watches... |
I am watching the game. The dog is watching. |
I watched the game. The dog watched. |
I will watch the game. The dog will watch. |
I hurry. Ned hurries. |
I am hurrying. Jan is hurrying. |
I hurried. The dog hurried. |
I will hurry. The dog will hurry. |
In order to show when an action takes place we may need to add letters or another word which is also a verb:
We double the spelling of the last consonant sound before we add –ing or –ed if we need the vowel in the word to keep its short sound.
We need to use the word am or is before the action word if we add –ing to it to show that the action is happening continuously.
The spelling y changes to i before adding before adding –es or –ed. Before –ing it does not change.
You have spelled the words hope and use.
I hope... Ned hopes... |
I am hoping... Ned is hoping... |
I hoped... Ned hoped... |
I will hope... Ned will hope... |
I use... Ned, Jan, or the dog uses... |
I am using... He, she, or it is using... |
I used... Ned, Jan, or the dog used... |
I will use... Ned, Jan, or the dog will use... |
Here we do not add letters when using –ing; instead, the final e disappears.
When the action already happened we signal it by using –ed. We call it the –ed ending.
On the form of hope that is hoped, we still say it has the –ed ending.
I give... He, she, or it gives. |
I am giving... ...is giving... |
I gave... |
I will give... |
come; comes | am coming; is coming | came | will come |
sleep; sleeps | am sleeping; is sleeping | slept | will sleep |
tell; tells | am telling; is telling | told | will tell |
think; thinks | am thinking; is thinking | thought | will think |
hear; hears | am hearing; is hearing | heard | will hear |
draw | am drawing; is drawing | drew | will draw |
When writing your sentences, please try to use some of the forms we have studied; underline the form that you use. We will share our work.
To Students: Today we will study the patterns of action words (verbs). You have spelled the words plan, chop, fix and hurry. This is how we signal when the action takes place:
I plan the party. Ned plans... |
I am planning the party. Ned is planning... |
I planned the party. Ned planned... |
I will plan the party. Ned will plan... |
I chop wood. Jan chops wood. |
I am chopping wood. Jan is chopping wood. |
I chopped wood. Jan chopped wood. |
I will chop wood. Jan will chop wood. |
I fix the chair. Ned fixes the chair. |
I am fixing the chair. Ned is fixing the chair. |
I fixed the chair. Ned fixed the chair. |
I will fix the chair. Ned will fix the... |
I hurry. The dog hurries. |
I am hurrying. The dog is hurrying. |
I hurried. The dog hurried. |
I will hurry. The dog will hurry. |
We may need to add letters to the spelling of the word:
We double the spelling of the last consonant sound before we add –ing or –ed if we need the vowel to keep its short sound; in the word fix, the spelling x has two sounds, so the vowel sound is protected; we do not have to double anything.
We need to use the word am or is before the action word if we add –ing to it to show that the action is happening now.
The spelling y changes to i before adding before adding –es or –ed; before –ing it does not change.
You have spelled the words chase and smile.
I chase... Ned chases... |
I am chasing... Ned is chasing... |
I chased... Ned chased... |
I will chase... Ned will chase... |
I smile at... Ned, or Jan smiles |
I am smiling at... He or she is smiling. |
I smiled at... Ned smiled... |
I will smile at... Jan will smile... |
Here we do not add letters when using –ing; instead, the final e disappears.
When the action already happened we signal it by using –ed. We call it the –ed ending.
On the form of smile that is smiled, we still say it has the –ed ending.
I drive... Ned drives... |
I am driving... Ned is driving |
I drove... Ned drove |
I will drive Ned will drive... |
dig; digs | am digging; is digging | dug | will dig |
beat; beats | am beating; is beating | beat | will beat |
fight; fights | am fighting; is... | fought | will fight |
think; thinks | am thinking; is... | thought | will think |
hear; hears | am hearing; is hearing | heard | will hear |
draw | am drawing; is... | drew | will draw |
When writing your sentences, please try to use some of the forms; underline the form that you use. We will share our work.
To the students: In this lesson we will begin to practice thinking about the patterns of verbs.
THERE ARE MAIN VERBS AND HELPING (AUXILLARY) VERBS.
MAIN VERBS usually show action:
Main verbs that do not show action are called linking verbs because they join the parts of the sentence:
It is very dangerous.
Thunder is a warning.
HELPING VERBS—help the main verb:
It can heat the inside of the tree so much that the tree might explode.
Verbs use inflected endings: the verb's meaning does not change, but its spelling is modified:
In the United States, lightning killed at least 50 people last year and injured many more. The –ed ending tells us that the event before the time in which we are speaking.
When adding an inflected ending, we must decide if we need to double spelling of last consonant sound in the base word so that the vowel sound before it keeps its short sound. For example, the /o/ in drop is short; therefore, the p must be doubled.
Verbs tell about time. An unfussy way to know verb forms is to group them by present, past, and what is called the past participle:
rain – rained – rained
drop – dropped – dropped
explode – exploded – exploded
capture – captured – captured
Irregular verbs are more complicated:
make – made – made...but then:
take – took – taken.
ring – rang – rung, and
sing – sang – sung...but then
bring – brought – brought
The approximately 200 irregular verbs occur at the beginning of language learning. They remind us that, because of history and the number of contributing languages, English is made up of a "juicy stew of words".
Please use inflected endings and auxiliary verbs in some of the sentences you write. We will share sentences.
To Students: We know that ending –ed is used to tell us that whatever we are writing about happened before the present time. It is called the past tense.
In this lesson we will study the sound patterns –ed makes because it will help with spelling:
We will examine the sound patterns of the words, hop, rub, land, and rent.
Say rub. The last sound in rub vibrates. We can feel the vibration by putting our fingers on our voice boxes.
Say hop. The last sound in hop does not vibrate. We cannot feel anything happening this time.
Say rubbed. When we say rubbed, the last sound is /d/; it vibrates.
Say hopped. When we say hopped, the last sound is /t/; it does not vibrate.
Say land. When we say land, the last sound is /d/; it vibrates, but we cannot add just a /d/ sound. We need a whole syllable.
Say rent. When we say rent, the last sound is /t/; it does not vibrate, but we cannot add just a /t/ sound. We need a whole syllable.
In this exercise we will create an –ed Ending Sound Chart with the words below:
/d/ | /t/ | /ed/ after /d/ | /ed/ after /t/ |
Hop, hope, plan, chase, smile, mix, bake, hate, shout, blend, watch, cause, explode, hurry*, play*, cry*, use*, weed
* Note to teachers: All vowel sounds are voiced, meaning the a word ending in a vowel sound will have an –ed ending that is /d/.
To the students: there are two types of adjectives, DESCRIPTIVE and LIMITING.
NOUNS may also be USED AS ADJECTIVES; they are descriptive.
The Mt. Washington Observatory issued a weather report.
Descriptive adjectives DESCRIBE some quality in a noun: ambitious people, contented baby, accurate work, musical production, etc.
Limiting adjectives DETERMINE the number or quantity of a noun: a musical production, an ambitious person, the contented baby, no recesses, your sister, some money, twelve dollars, etc.
In today's lesson, we will work with descriptive adjectives which usually have the inflected endings –er and –est. There are two types:
Comparative adjectives compare two objects, people, or places.
They are formed by adding –er or by having the words more or less preceding them if they contain three syllables and sometimes if they contain two syllables. There are a few irregular forms. Often, the word than is used with the comparative.
Superlatives compare three or more objects, people, or places.
They are formed by adding –est or by having the words most or least preceding them. There are a few irregular forms.
cold | colder | coldest |
dry | drier | driest |
dirty | dirtier | dirtiest |
brave | braver | bravest |
sweet | sweeter | sweetest |
anxious | more anxious | most anxious |
famous | more famous | most famous |
cruel | crueler or more cruel | cruelest or most cruel |
Irregular forms: | ||
good | better | best |
bad | worse | worst |
much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther | farthest |
You have spelled words such as crisp, dim, ripe, grand, calm, serious, anxious, cute, eager, cheap, nimble, simple, main, cruel, sour, anxious, and simple.
When you write your sentences, try to use descriptive adjectives. We will share our work.
To the students: In this lesson we will study how nouns show that something belongs to them.
We add –'s or –s' to the noun to which something 'belongs'
Ask yourself, "Is the noun which 'possesses' singular or plural?"
If the noun is singular, add –'s: | If the noun is a regular plural, add an apostrophe after the plural –s or –es. | If the noun is irregular and plural, add –'s: |
The school's playground | The schools' playgrounds | |
The puppy's toy | The puppies' toy | |
The puppy's toys | The puppies' toys | |
Chris's plan | ||
The business's plan | The businesses' plans | |
The child's wish | The children's wish | |
The child's wishes | The children's wishes | |
The woman's dress | ||
The woman's dresses | The women's dresses |
Please write some sentences in which nouns are used to show possession. Underline them. We will share our work.
To the students: In this lesson we will compare the use of apostrophes. There are THREE uses:
IN WORDS
BELONGING
LOWERCASE LETTERS
jumpin'
'ave, etc.
a's, b's, c's, d's...z'
he
she
it
who
that
we
you
they
+ is
+ are
= he's
she's
it's*
who's*
that's
= we're
you're*
they're
he
she
it
who
that
we
you
they
he'll
she'll
it'll
who'll
that'll
we'll
you'll
they'll
John’s hat (the hat of John)
Luis’s hat (the hat of Luis)
my sister’s hat (the hat of my sister)
a child’s hat (the hat of a child)
Plural
my sisters’ hats (the hats of my sisters)
The children’s hats (the hats of the children)
we
you
they
he +
she
it
who
has
we've
you've
they've
= he's
she's
it's
who's
he
she
it
you
who
we
they
he'd
she'd
it'd
you'd
who'd
we'd
they'd
are
was
were
have
has
had
will +
do
does
did
can
could
would
should
not
aren't
wasn't
weren't
haven't
hasn't
hadn't
= won't
don't
doesn't
didn't
can't
couldn't
wouldn't
houldn't
of the clock = o'clock
(three words contacted)
Use its for possession: in your mind connect its with his and her. If his or her would work (no apostrophe) use its.
*Who’s or whose? Who’s is a contraction only.
*You’re or your? You’re is a contraction only.
The purpose presenting apostrophes this way is to help you ‘get your minds around’ their uses by seeing the patterns.
Please pick a few contractions and/or possessives to use in your sentences. We will share examples.
To Students: We are going to review how plurals are formed and the endings that are added. Most of the time plurals (more than one) are formed by adding -s, or –es (used after the final sounds, /s/, /z/, /sh, /ch/ and /j/.
You have spelled words such as strip, stripe, nation, ache, mystery, and sentence; we’ll spell their plurals…
If nouns form their plurals by a spelling change other than y changing to i before -es, they are irregular, e.g. man/men and child/children.
You spelled half and calf. Their plurals are irregular (halves and calves). Their endings have changed to a pattern you will meet again.
Other spelling changes are possible, e.g., foot/feet, mouse/mice, person/people, ox/oxen, etc.
A few nouns have no plural (skin—unless you skinned some animals and therefore have some skins.)
A few nouns have the same spelling for singular and plural, e.g., scissors, pants, fish, etc.
A few animal nouns can have an -s, or –es spelling as well, e.g., more than one fish can be fish or fishes.
When writing your sentences, please try using some plurals; underline the plurals you use.
t i n • • • |
t w i n • • • • |
t w i n e • • • • |
s w i m • • • • |
s w i s h • • • • |
z i p • • • |
f a c t • • • • |
s t r i k e • • • • • |
d e n t • • • • |
r e n t • • • • |
v e n t • • • • |
p e s t • • • • |
g u l p • • • • |
h u m • • • |
b u l b • • • • |
e l f • • • |
s h e l f • • • • |
e l m • • • |
s l e e v e • • • • |
s n e e z e • • • • |
u sh u d i r e c t i o n • • • • • • • • |
sh u f i c t i o n • • • • • • |
sh u m e n t i o n • • • • • • |
u t e r r i b l e • • • • • • |
o w a f f l e • • • • |
u u g o r i l l a • • • • • • |
u g i r a f f e • • • • • |
ae ng k sh u a n x i o u s • • • • • • |
oe ae o b e y • • • • |
oe ee ee o b e d i e n c e • • • • • • • • |
There are two types of adjectives, DESCRIPTIVE and LIMITING. NOUNS may be used as adjectives; they are descriptive.
Descriptive adjectives DESCRIBE some quality in a noun: ambitious people, contented baby, accurate work, musical production, etc.
Limiting adjectives DETERMINE the number or quantity of a noun: a musical production, an ambitious person, the contented baby, no recesses, your sister, some money, twelve dollars, etc.
In today’s lesson, we will work with descriptive adjectives which usually have the inflected endings –er and –est. There are two types:
Comparative adjectives compare two objects, people, or places.
They are formed by adding –er or by having the words more or less preceding them if they contain three syllables and sometimes if they contain two syllables. There are a few irregular forms. Often, the word than is used with the comparative.
Superlatives compare three or more objects, people, or places.
They are formed by adding -est or by having the words most or least preceding them. There are a few irregular forms.
cold | colder | coldest |
dry | drier | driest |
dirty | dirtier | dirtiest |
brave | braver | bravest |
sweet | sweeter | sweetest |
anxious | more anxious | most anxious |
famous | more famous | most famous |
cruel | crueler or more cruel | cruelest or most cruel |
good | better | best |
bad | worse | worst |
much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther | farthest |
You have spelled words such as crisp, dim, ripe, grand, calm, serious, anxious, cute, eager, cheap, nimble, simple, main, cruel, sour, anxious, and simple.
When you write your sentences, try to use descriptive adjectives. Underline them. We will share our work.
To the students: In this lesson we will review how adding the inflected ending –'s or –s' to a noun creates a word that indicates ownership or possession.
Ask yourself, "Is the noun which 'possesses' singular or plural"?
If the noun is singular, add –'s: | If the noun is a regular plural, add an apostrophe after the plural –s or –es . | If the noun is irregular and plural, add –'s.: |
The school's plan | The schools' plan | |
The puppy's toy | The puppies' toy | |
The puppy's toys | The puppies' toys | |
The potato's skin | The potatoes' skins | |
The business's plan | The businesses' plan | |
The child's wish | The children's wish | |
The child's wishes | The children's wishes | |
The woman's child | ||
The woman's child | The women's children | |
The wolf's howl | The wolves' howls |
What has just been reviewed is straightforward. Possessives will become more complicated, but not yet. For instance, writer guides and newspapers may write about Kansas's wheat crops or Kansas' wheat crops.
Please write some sentences in which nouns are used to show possession. Underline them. We will share examples.
To the students: In this lesson we practice thinking about verb forms. We will start by reviewing their spelling patterns.
THERE ARE MAIN VERBS AND AUXILARY VERBS.MAIN VERBS usually show action: A white streak flashed across the sky.
Main verbs that do not show action are called linking verbs because they join the parts of the sentence:
Verbs use inflected endings: the verb’s meaning does not change, but its spelling is modified:
When adding an inflected ending, we must decide if a double spelling of last consonant sound in the base word is needed so that the vowel sound before it keeps its short sound. For example, the /o/ in drop is short; therefore, the p must be doubled.
AUXILARY VERBS—also called helping verbs—help the main verb:
An unfussy way to know verb forms is to group them by present, past, and what is called the past participle:
Irregular verbs are more complicated:
The approximately 200 irregular verbs occur at the beginning of English language learning. They remind us that, because of history and the number of contributing languages, English is made up of a “juicy stew of words”.
Please try to use inflected endings and auxiliary verbs in some of the sentences you write. We will share our work.
To the teacher: the goal of students’ working with an ending classification is to acquire the foundation skills necessary for learning polysyllabic English without detailed, word-by-word instruction.
The objectives of the Ending Grid supplementary lesson are:
- to enable teachers to use the lesson efficiently; and
- to enable teachers to project exercises onto a dry erase surface for group- or individual-student use in exercise completion.
In Levels 1 – 3, students have acquired a bank of vowel-consonant-vowel-pattern words that have unaccented syllables. They are ready to identify, grasp, and appreciate irregular endings:
- mastery comes from categorizing endings according to both sound structure and spelling features;
- students learn that schwas are simply the vowel sounds in unaccented syllables and closest to the vowel /u/, making /u/ the most common vowel sound in the English language;
- knowledge of the organized system of endings, in addition to knowing how vowels ‘behave’ in accented syllables, enables students to negotiate the polysyllabic level in terms of sound structure and spelling;
- knowledge of the organization also prepares students to develop conscious awareness of the combinatory nature of English.
Through use of the Ending Classification lesson, teachers will understand how the task is presented to students in three segments: the first three rows, the second six rows, and the last two rows. They will see how the tasks are practiced and will see learning being accomplished.
Ending Syllable Analysis & Classification Guide
Note To Teacher: This can be printed as a guide.
Print GuideESTABLISHING THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF CLASSIFICATION*
To the students: Read each word in the first row, Your teacher will help you if necessary. What is the same? Click and drag the correct principle to its place in the Principle of Classification column. Repeat the procedure with the second and third rows.
Practice: Click and drag each ending so that it hovers over the Classification. Find the word to which it belongs. Read the word for your teacher and then read just the ending as you place it.
* A principle of classification is determined by finding what is the same in each instance (rather than what is different). It is important that students understand that concepts are constructed in this way.
/er/
/ubul/
/ul/
ESTABLISHING TWO PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION
The first principle of classification is derived from each row as in the first three rows. The second principle of classification is derived from each column. Notice that in this exercise you are integrating two sources of information which is the most efficient way to learn anything that is new.
man
/ens/ or /ǝns/
/ent/ or /ǝnt/
ESTABLISHING THE REMAINING ROWS
To the students: The task changes. In the first row the word is read and then the base word is read and placed in the appropriate box so that the change in the stressed syllable is recognized and understood. The second row is read so that it is understood that the -age ending is /ij/.
/ǝj/
** The requirement for a stressed syllable changes the one-syllable word real to two syllables.
Ending Syllable Analysis & Classification
Note To Teacher: This is printed as a two-page worksheet to be joined after printing.
Print WorksheetTo the students: Like using adjectives, using adverbs makes what you have to say more distinct and more interesting. English has complicated ways of using both adjectives and adverbs. However, there is a system that you will learn. In this lesson we will compare adverbs to adjectives.
Adjectives - describe or limit nouns, providing information that answers the questions:
Adverbs - describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, answering the questions:
TO AN ADJECTIVE, ADD –ly: | |
Adjectives amazing normal usual |
Adverbs amazingly normally usually |
TO AN ADJECTIVE ENDING IN y, change y to i BEFORE ADDING -ly | |
happy gloomy angry |
happily gloomily angrily |
TO AN ADJECTIVE ENDING IN le, DROP THE e AND ADD –ly: | |
able gentle subtle |
ably gently subtly |
TO AN ADJECTIVE ENDING IN ly, THERE IS NO CHANGE.: | |
lively friendly |
in a lively way in a friendly way |
TO AN ADJECTIVE ENDING IN ic, ADD -ally. | |
fantastic basic |
fantastically basically |
These adverbs are called IRREGULAR: | |
good fast extra |
well fast extra |
When writing your sentences, please try to use some of the forms we have studied; underline the form that you use. We will share our work.
Each morpheme targeted for study begins with a word that has an ending on the Ending Classification chart. The dialogue suggested is what we have used to introduce lessons. The intent has been to extend what students already know or with which they have familiarity.
Teacher: | Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Please spell action in the column, Schwa-Ending Word. What would I see if there is action? | someone doing something | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Write the word reaction in the same column. What would I see if there is reaction? | someone or something doing something back (Re- means back.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Write transaction. Trans- means across. What will I see? | someone or something doing something across something like the horizontal surface in front of a bank teller or across the internet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
act - do | act | action | actor | |
re - back | react | reaction | reactor, reactive | |
trans – across | transact | transaction | ||
actual | ||||
en – within, in | enact | enactment | ||
Teacher: | Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell animation. What do we see? | something moving, like in a cartoon | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Anim means life or spirit. Spell animal. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
anim – life or spirit | animate | animation | ||
animal | ||||
in – not | inanimate | |||
Teacher: | Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell vacation. What do you do when you go on vacation? | leave where you are, leaving it empty | |||||||||||||||||||||||
E- means out of; spell evacuation. What happens in a bus evacuation? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell vacant. Why would a dressing or bathroom have a "vacant" sign? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
vac - empty | vacate | vacation | vacuum | |
e – out of | evacuation | |||
vacant | vacancy | |||
Teacher: | Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell inspection. What is the base word? What are you doing when you inspect something? The in- means into; what does spect mean? |
inspect – looking at it closely look |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
spec - see | inspect | inspection | inspector | |
spectator | ||||
spectator | specter | |||
speculate | speculation | |||
pro - foward | prospect | prospection | prospective | |
specify | specification | specificity | ||
sus - under | suspect | suspicion | suspicious | |
re - back | respect | respectable | respectability | |
Teacher: | Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell distraction. What happens when there is a distraction? (Establish that attention is focused and then pulled away and that the meaning of dis- is apart. The meaning of tract is pull or drag.) | We stop paying attention. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tire commercials talk about traction. Why? | pulling or dragging | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
If someone breaks his or her back, he or she is placed in traction. Why? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
What is the farm implement you know? What does it do? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Where are we pulling in subtraction? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Where are we pulling in retraction? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ex- means out of; what are we doing now? What can we extract? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
At- means toward; what is happening? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ab- means away from; what could we be pulling away from? | pulling away from something real | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Con- means with; what could be happening | a muscle contraction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pro- means forward. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
What would it mean if a person or situation is tractable or intractable? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
dis – apart | tract - pull, drag | distract | distraction | |
traction | tractor | |||
sub – under | subtract | subtraction | ||
re - back | retract | retraction | ||
ex - out of | extract | extraction | ||
at – toward | attract | attraction | attractive | |
abs – away from | abstract | abstraction | ||
con – with | contract | contraction | ||
pro - foward | protract | protraction | protractor | |
tractable | tractability | |||
in - not | intractable | intractability | ||
Teacher: | Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
You spelled the word inspiration. What is the base word? | inspire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
What is the prefix? | in - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spire is the morpheme. It means breathe. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prefix | Morpheme | Base Word | Schwa-ending Word | Derivations |
in - into | spir – breathe | inspire | inspiration | |
re – again | respire | respiration | respirator, respiratory | |
spirit | spiritual | spire | ||
expire | expiration | |||
per - through | perspire | perspiration | ||
anti – against | antiperspirant | |||
trans – across | transpire | transpiration | ||
con – with | conspire | |||
Each morpheme targeted for study begins with a word that has an ending on the Ending Classification chart. The dialogue suggested is what we have used to introduce lessons. The intent has been to extend what students already know or with which they have familiarity.
Lesson 5.1 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell final in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean? | Something is finished or at the end. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
fin - end | finish | final | finite, finale | |
in - not | infinity | infinite | ||
de – off, from | define | definition | definitive | |
in - not | indefinite | |||
Lesson 5.2 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell completion in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean. | Something is finished or at the end. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ple is the morpheme. It means fill. Now spell complement. | something that finishes something else | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
com – with | ple - fill | complete | completion | |
complement | complementary | |||
sup – under | supplement | supplementary | ||
im – into, in | implement | |||
Lesson 5.3 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell audible in the Schwa Ending column. (My voice is audible.) What does it mean? | You can hear it. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
aud - hear | audible | audio, auditory | ||
in-not | inaudible | |||
audience | auditorium | |||
audition | ||||
audible | audio, auditory | |||
in-not | inaudible | |||
Lesson 5.6 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell dictation in the Schwa Ending column. What happens in a dictation. | We write down what you say. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
dic – speak | dictate | dictation | dictator | |
diction | ||||
pre-before | predict | prediction | ||
contra-against | contradict | contradiction | contradictory | |
Lesson 5.8 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell aster in the Schwa Ending column. Have you seen a flower called an aster? Establish that it is named for its brightly-colored rays (petals). |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
aster, astr – star | aster | |||
dis – apart from | disaster | |||
a star apart from its | disastrous | |||
usual alignment | astrology, astronaut | |||
Lesson 5.9 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell order in the Schwa Ending column. What do you do when you give items, like numbers, an order? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
ord, ordin – order, rank | order | ordinary | ||
ordinal | ||||
sub - below | subordinate | subordination | ||
in - not | insubordinate | insubordination | ||
extra-beyond | extraordinary | |||
Lesson 5.12 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell reduction in the Schwa Ending column. What is happening in a reduction? What can be reduced? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
re - back | duc, duct – lead, bring | reduce | reduction | |
intro - into | introduce | introduction | introductory | |
con - together, with | conduct | conduction, conductor | conductive | |
pro - forward | product, produce | production | productive | |
re - again, back | reproduce | reproduction | reproductive | |
ab - away | abduct | abduction | ||
ad - toward | adduct | adduction | ||
in - into | induce, induct | induction | inductive | |
de-down | deduction | deductive | ||
Lesson 5.14 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell pedestrian as in a pedestrian crossing in the Schwa Ending column. What is the pedestrian? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
ped - foot | pedestrian | |||
pedal | ||||
pedestal | ||||
im - into | impede | impediment | ||
ex - out of | expedite | expedition | ||
Lesson 5.17 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell formation as in airplanes flying in formation in the Schwa Ending column. What is it? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
form – shape | formation | |||
in - into | inform | information | informative, informant | |
mis - wrong | misinform | misinformation | ||
formal | formality | |||
in - not | informal | |||
con - together | conform | conformation | conformity | |
de - down | deform | deformity | ||
mal - bad | malform | malformation | ||
per - throughout | perform | performance | ||
trans - across | transform | transformation | ||
re - back | reform | reformation | reformatory | |
uni - one | uniform | |||
Lesson 5.18 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell migration as in a migration of birds in the Schwa Ending column. What is it? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
migr – move | migrate | migration, migrant | migratory | |
im – into | immigrate | immigration, immigrant | ||
e – out of | emigrate | emigration, emigrant | ||
Lesson 5.20 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell heritage in the Schwa Ending column. What is your heritage? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
her – receive, be left with | heritage | |||
in - into | inherit | inheritance | inheritable | |
heritability | hereditary | |||
Lesson 5.21 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell legal in the Schwa Ending column. What do we mean when we say something is legal? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
leg - law | legal | |||
il - not | illegal | |||
legislate | legislation | legislative | ||
Lesson 5.22 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell projection in the Schwa Ending column. What is happening in projection? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
pro - forward | ject - throw | project | projection | projectile |
in-into | inject | injection | ||
sub - under | subject | subjection | subjective | |
re - back | reject | rejection | ||
ob - before, toward | object | objection | objective | |
con - with | conjecture | |||
ad - to | adjective | |||
Lesson 5.25 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell generation in the Schwa Ending column. If we talk about people of an older generation, of whom are we speaking? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
birth, race | gen | generate | generation | generative |
genus | genesis | |||
indi - in | indigenous | |||
pro - forward | progeny | |||
re - again | regenerate | regeneration | ||
Lesson 5.30 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell portable in the Schwa Ending column. What do we mean when we say something is portable? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
port - carry | portable | portability | ||
trans - across | transport | transportation | ||
pro - forward | proportion | proportionality | ||
dis - away from | disproportion | disproportionate | ||
im - in | importance | important | ||
ex - out of | export | exportation | exportable, exportability | |
im-into | import | importation | importable, importability | |
re - back | report | reportable | ||
sup - under | support | supportable | supportive | |
op - toward | opportune | opportunity | ||
To the students: in this lesson we will begin to explore three ways in which we can connect our thoughts when we are writing: using coordinating conjunctions; using conjunctive adverbs; and using subordinating conjunctions. As our understanding of words and our ability to express ourselves becomes more sophisticated and elegant, we want to be able to show our thinking in our writing. We will start by writing sentences together using these three ways of connecting our thoughts.
- Coordinating conjunctions are used to link independent (or principal) clauses, that is, clauses that would be sentences if they were standing alone.
Punctuation: knowing them as fanboys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) reminds us that the first clause is followed by a comma before the conjunction.
- Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs rather than conjunctions. Like coordinating conjunctions, they connect two independent clauses. Conjunctive (joining-together) adverbs affect both clauses; moreover, they provide strong, logical transitions between thoughts.
Punctuation: the first clause is followed by a semicolon. Usually there is a comma after the conjunctive adverb. It is also possible to make two sentences. In this case the conjunctive adverb will occur somewhere in the second sentence.
- Subordinating conjunctions are used to begin dependent (or subordinate) clauses, that is, clauses that would NOT be sentences if they were standing alone. These clauses provide independent clauses with additional information. Subordinating conjunctions are common words or common words used together.
Punctuation: the clauses that begin with these conjunctions require a comma only when the dependent clause comes before the independent clause.
The ways in which we connect our thoughts may be categorized according to their functions:
Function | Coordinating Conjunctions |
Conjunctive Adverbs |
Subordinating Conjunctions |
ADDITION | and | in addition, additionally, moreover, too, as well (as), also, besides, furthermore | |
CAUSE AND EFFECT | so, for | therefore, consequently, thereby | because, as, since, so that, in order that |
COMPARISON | also, likewise, similarly | ||
CONTRAST or ALTERNATIVES | but, yet or, nor |
instead, inspite of, regardless, however, otherwise, nevertheless, notwithstanding | |
CONDITION | if, as if, even if, unless, though, as though, although, even though | ||
SUMMARY | in summary, finally, all in all | ||
ILLUSTRATION | for example, namely, thus, in conclusion | ||
EMPHASIS | indeed, of course, certainly, undoubtedly | ||
TIME | before, now, since, meanwhile, furthermore, thereafter, lately, heretofore, subsequently | as, while, after, before, until, whenever, when, as soon as, since, once | |
PLACE | where, wherever |
Each morpheme targeted for study begins with a word that has an ending on the Ending Classification chart. The dialogue suggested is what we have used to introduce lessons. The intent is to extend what students already know or with which they have familiarity.
Lesson 6.1 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell composition in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean when you write a composition? | place your thoughts together | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
com - together | pos - place | compose, composite | composition | |
pose, posit | position | posture | ||
sup - under | suppose | supposition | ||
op - against | oppose | opposition | ||
ex – out of | expose | exposition | exposure | |
im - into | impose | imposition | ||
pro - forward | propose | proposition | purpose | |
Lesson 6.2 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell science in the Schwa Ending column. What are we studying in science? | the natural world | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
sci - know | science | scientific | ||
con – with | conscious | consciousness | ||
un – not | unconscious | unconsciousness | ||
sub – under | subconscious | |||
pre – before | prescient | |||
omni – all | omniscient | |||
Lesson 6.3 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell reception in the Schwa Ending column. When do you go to a reception? Discuss the receiving aspect of reception. Discuss perception which means taking information in through your senses or what you make of it when it gets there. |
after an event such as a wedding | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
per - through | ceive, cept - take, receive | perceive | perception | |
re - back | receive | reception | receptive, receptacle | |
de - away | deceive | deception | deceptive | |
con - together | conceive | conception | ||
in - into | inception | |||
inter - between | intercept | interception | ||
Lesson 6.5 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell precision in the Schwa Ending column. If you are precise in your work, what do you do? Establish "cutting" away what does not belong |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
pre - before | cise - cut | precise | precision | |
con-with | concise | |||
in-into | incision, incisor | incisive | ||
de - away | decide | decision | decisive | |
scissors | ||||
Lesson 6.6 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell reflection in the Schwa Ending column. Describe what happens? | light bends | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
re - back | flec, flex - bend | reflect | reflection | reflective, reflector |
de - from | deflect | deflection | ||
flex | flexion | flexible, flexibility | ||
flexor | ||||
in - not | inflexible | inflexibility | ||
re - back | reflex | reflexive | ||
in - in | inflect | inflection | inflectional | |
Lesson 6.7 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell archrival in the Schwa Ending column. Who is the school’s archrival in sports? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
arch - leader, ruler, first, chief | archrival | |||
architect | architectural | architecture | ||
archetype | archetypal, archetypical | |||
Lesson 6.8 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell construction in the Schwa Ending column. What happens in construction? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
in - into | struc - build | instruct | instruction | instructive |
con - together | construct | construction | constructive | |
de - reverse, remove | destruct | destruction | destructive, destructible | |
ob - against | obstruct | obstruction | ||
in - not | indestructible | |||
Lesson 6.9 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell eruption in the Schwa Ending column. What famous eruptions do you know about? | Mt. St. Helens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
e – out of | rupt – break, burst | erupt | eruption | rupture |
dis - apart | disruption | |||
inter - between | interruption | |||
cor - together | corruption | |||
ab - off | abrupt | |||
Lesson 6.10 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell validation in the Schwa Ending column. What do you suppose happens when a passport receives validation? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
val - strength, courage, valor | valid | validation | ||
valence | ||||
pre - before | prevail | prevalence | ||
valiant | ||||
valor | ||||
Lesson 6.11 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell factual in the Schwa Ending column. In what context do you know the word? | It is what was done, not imagined. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
fac, fact, fic, fect - do, make | fact | factual | ||
satis - enough | satisfy | satisfaction | satisfactory | |
factory | ||||
manu - hand | manufacture | |||
faculty | ||||
facilitate | facilitation | |||
facile | facility | |||
factor | ||||
faction | factious | |||
factual | preface | |||
ef - upward | efficient | |||
de - down | deficient | |||
magni - great | magnificent | |||
signi - sign | significant | |||
suf - under | sufficient | |||
in - into | infection | |||
con - together | confection | |||
of - work | official, officious | |||
Lesson 6.12 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell emission in the Schwa Ending column. What are emissions from a smokestack? | vapor that is sent out | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
per - throughout | mit, miss - send | permit | permission | permissive |
sub - below | submit | submission | submissive | |
re - back | remit | remission | ||
e – out of | emit | emission | ||
trans - across | transmit | transmission | ||
Lesson 6.13 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell detention in the Schwa Ending column. What is happening in detention? | Someone is being held in some way. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
de - back | ten, tain, tin - hold | detain | detention | |
main - hand | maintain | maintenance | ||
con - with | contain | containment | ||
tenacious | tenacity | |||
tenant | ||||
tenable | ||||
un - not | untenable | |||
per - throughout | pertain | pertinence | ||
im - not | impertinence, impertinent | |||
Lesson 6.14 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell circular in the Schwa Ending column. What kind of shape are we describing? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
circ – ring or circle | circular | |||
circle | cirque | |||
circus | ||||
circulate | circulation | circulatory | ||
circuit | circuitous | circuitry | ||
circumference | ||||
Lesson 6.15 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell contribution in the Schwa Ending column. What are we doing when we make one? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
con - with | tribut - pay, bestow | contribute | contribution | |
at - to | attribute | attribution | ||
re - back | retribution | |||
tributary | ||||
Lesson 6.16 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell sequence in the Schwa Ending column. What is happening in sequence? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
sequ - follow | sequence, sequential | |||
con - with | consequence | |||
sub - under | subsequent | |||
Lesson 6.17 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell physical in the Schwa Ending column. What are we studying in physical science? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
physi – nature, natural science | physics | physical | physicality | |
physician | ||||
physics | physicist | |||
physique | ||||
Lesson 6.18 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell appendage in the Schwa Ending column. How should I see an appendage? | something like an arm, hanging from the shoulder | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
ap - to | pend - hang | appendage | appendix | |
pendent | ||||
pendant | ||||
pendulum | ||||
per - throughout | perpendicular | |||
sub - from below | suspension | |||
de - from | dependent | |||
in - not | independent | |||
Lesson 6.19 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell convention in the Schwa Ending column. What happens at one? | People come together. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
con - together | ven, vent - come, go | convene | convention | |
inter - between | intervene | intervention | ||
in - into | invent | invention | inventor, inventive | |
Lesson 6.20 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell numeral in the Schwa Ending column. What is it? | a number | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
numer - number | numeral | numerator | ||
e - from | enumerate | enumeration | ||
in - not | innumerable | |||
Lesson 6.21 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell vertical in the Schwa Ending column. If something is vertical, what is its position? | turned so that it is straight up and down | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
a - away from | ver - turn | avert | aversion | |
in - into | invert | inversion | ||
con - with, together | convert | conversion | ||
cul - passage | culvert | |||
ad - toward | adversion | adversity | ||
sub - under | subversion | |||
di - two | diverse | diversion | diversity | |
in - into | inversion | |||
extro - out of | extroversion | extrovert | ||
intro - into | introversion | introvert | ||
per - throughout | perversion | pervert | ||
vertical | verticality | |||
vertebra | vertebrate, vertebral | |||
in - not | invertebrate | |||
vertex | vertices | |||
Lesson 6.22 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell octopus in the Schwa Ending column. How many appendages does an octopus have? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
oct - eight | octopus | |||
octagon | octagonal | |||
octet | ||||
October | ||||
octogenarian | ||||
Lesson 6.23 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell cosmetician in the Schwa Ending column. What is this person’s field of expertise? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
cosm – world, universe, order, ornament | ||||
cosmetic | cosmetician | |||
cosmopolitan | ||||
cosmic | cosmonaut | |||
micro - small | microcosm | |||
Lesson 6.24 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell insistent in the Schwa Ending column. What is someone like who is insistent? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
in - in | sist – to stand, place | insist | insistent, insistence | |
per - throughout | persist | persistence | ||
as - to | assist | assistance | ||
con – with | consist | consistent | consistency | |
sub – under | subsist | subsistence | ||
ex - out | exist | existence, existential | ||
Lesson 6.25 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell nomination in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean to get one? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
nomen - name | nominate | nomination | nominee | |
nominal | ||||
de – from | denomination, denominator | |||
Lesson 6.26 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell radius in the Schwa Ending column. Does it go from the center or all the way across? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
radi – ray, shine | radius | |||
radiant | ||||
radial | ||||
radiate | radiation | radioactive, radioactivity | ||
ir – in | irradiate | irradiation | ||
Lesson 6.27 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell insufferable in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean? Establish standing it as bearing it. |
You cannot stand it. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
in - not | fer - bear, carry | insufferable | ferry | |
pre - before | prefer | preferential | preference | |
of - to | offer | |||
pro - forward | profer | |||
di - two | differ | difference | differential | |
differentiate | differentiation | |||
in - not | indifferent, -ence | |||
circum - around | circumference | |||
con - with | conference | |||
con - with | coniferous | |||
re - back | refer | reference | referential, referee | |
de - from | defer | deference | deferential | |
suf - under | suffer | sufferance, sufferable | ||
trans - across | transfer | transferral | transferable, nontransferable | |
in - into | infer | inference | inferential | |
in - not | inferior | inferiority | ||
fertilize | fertilization | fertile | ||
voc - voice | vociferous | |||
ef - out of | ferment | fermentation | ||
e - out of | effervesce | effervescence | ||
e - out of | efferent | |||
af - toward | afferent | |||
Lesson 6.28 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell Philadelphia in the Schwa Ending column. It is known as the city of brotherly love. What part of the word would love be? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
Philadelphia | ||||
phil – loving, fond | philosophy | philosophical | ||
philanthropic | ||||
philodendron | ||||
philter | ||||
Lesson 6.29 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell artificial in the Schwa Ending column. What does it mean? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
art – skill, craft | artifice | artificial | ||
artisan | artist | |||
artifact | artifactual | |||
Lesson 6.30 Teacher: |
Students: | ||||||||||||||||||
Spell exploration in the Schwa Ending column. Establish that it is like crying out. | |||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
ex - out of | plor - cry out | explore | exploration | explorer, exploratory |
im - toward | implore | |||
Lesson 6.31 Teacher: |
Students: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Spell patron in the Schwa Ending column. Establish that a patron of something is like a father. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
PREFIX | MORPHEME | BASE WORD | WORD WITH SCHWA ENDING | DERIVATIONS |
patr – father | patron | |||
patriot | patriotism | |||
patronize | patronization | |||